Biosensors are devices that measure interactions of biomolecules by coupling a biological sensing element to a physical transducer. A lot of biosensors currently on the market rely on the optical properties of lasers to monitor and quantify these interactions, which typically occur on specially derived sensor surfaces, or chips.

First generation

Catalytic biosensors

Enzymes, cellular organelles, ... integrated with transducers able to convert a biological response into a digital electronic signal.

Preferrered methosd of measurement: electrochemical, optical, thermometric

Industry sectors: medical (glucose, lactate, creatinine, urea biosensors), environment (pesticides, warfare agents)

Second generation

Affinity biosensors

The biosensors contain also piezoelectric transducers and magnetic transducers. Of particular interest are the biomimetic sensors (containing synthetic receptors that mimic the recognition properties of biological molecules)

Th affinity biosensors give information about binding of

• antibodies to antigens,
• cell receptors to their ligands
• DNA / RNA to cvomplementary sequences of nucleic acids
• functioning enzymatic pathways (screening gene products for metabolic functions).

Preferrered method of measurement: optical detection (SPR, Surface Plasmon Resonance), electrochyemical, or piezoelectric detection method.

Industry sectors: medical, pharmaceutical and environment, biodefense.

Selected  suppliers of microarray chips, spotters and readers

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A

Abcam (Cambridge, U.K.)  ( http://www.abcam.com )

Acacia Research Corporation -  (Combimatrix subsidiary) - Bio-chip technology for the life science market - BIODEFENSE - Acacia Research develops, licenses and provides products for the life science and media technology sectors ( http://www.acaciaresearch.com )

Acceler8 Technology  http://www.acceler8.com  

Accelrys (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) (http://accelrys.com)  (Microarray data analysis)

Aclara Biosciences (Mountain View, CA, U.S.A.)

Adaptive Profiling Ltd (Cambridge, UK)

Adeza Biomedical Corp. (Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.)

Advalytix (Munchen, Germany, EU)  ( http://www.advalytix.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Advion Biosciences     ( http://www.advion.com )

Affibody   ( http://www.affibody.com )

Affimetrix (Santa Clara, CA, U.S.A.) (SNP Technology) (http://www.affimetrix.com )  - Commercial array supplier. (DNA microarrays) (Rat Toxicology U34 Array and EST) TOXICOGENOMICS - BIODEFENSE

Affitech  ( http://www.affitech.com )

Agilent - Healthcare Solutions Group (Palo alto, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.agilent.com ) - Commercial array supplier.(DNA microarrays) BIODEFENSE

Akceli (Medford, MA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.akceli.com )

Alpha Innotech Corporation (San Leandro, CA, U.S.A.)

Alphelys (Plaisir, France)  ( http://www.alphelys.com )

Ambion Inc.  (Austin, Texas, U.S.A.)   ( http://www.ambion.com ) (RNAi and microarrays)

Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (Piscataway, NJ, U.S.A.) (http://www.apbiotech.com ) - Commercial array supplier (DNA microarrays)

Amersham Biosciences - BIODEFENSE

ANL/Engelhardt [(Dept. Energy's Argonne (Illinois, U.S.A.) National Laboratory (ANL) and the Russian Academy of Sciences' Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology (Moscow)

Aperio Technologies (Vista, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.aperio.com  )

Applied Biosystems (Foster City, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.appliedbiosystems.com ) (Arrays & Slides) BIODEFENSE

Applied Imaging (San Jose, CA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.cytovision.com )

Applied Maths BVBA (Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium) ( http://www.applied-maths.com ) (Microarray data analysis)

Applied Precision Inc. (Issaquah, WA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.appliedprecision.com )

Applied Science (a business area of Roche Diagnostics) , Combimatrix Corp.(see Combimatrix) - CombiMatrix Corporation in strategic alliance with Roche) NANO BIODEFENSE

Archemix   ( http://www.archemix.com )

Ardais (Lexington, MA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.ardais.com ) (Tissue microarrays)

Array Genetics (Newtown, CT, U.S.A.) ( http://www.arraygenetics.com ) (Data Analysis)

Arrayjet Ltd (Scotland, UK) ( http://www.arrayjet.co.uk )

Artificial Sensing Instruments AG (Zurich, Switzerland) [ production of nanocoated biochips]

Asper Biotech (Tartu, Estonia) ( http://www.asperbio.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Aspira Biosystems  (Burlingame, CA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.aspirabio.com )

Asterand  http://www.asterand.com (Tissue microarrays)

AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals (Cheshire, UK)

Axon Instruments, Inc. (Union City, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.axon.com )  (DNA microarrays)

Azign Bioscience (Copenhagen, Denmark)   ( http://www.azign.com )

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Bacus Laboratories (Lombard, IL, U.S.A.) ( http://www.bacuslabs.com )

Base4 Corp.  US (San Diego, CA, U.S.A. - Its Canadian head office: Mississauga Ontario, Canada) ( http://www.base4.com ) ( http://www.opentext.com )

BD Biosciences - Clontech (San Diego, Ca, U.S.A.) ( http://www.bdbiosciences.com/clontech )

BD Biosciences - Pharmingen (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.bdbiosciences.com/ )

Beckman Coulter, Inc. (Fullerton, Ca, U.S.A.)

Beckman Instruments, Inc. (Fullerton, Ca, U.S.A.)

Beecher Instruments (Sun Prairie, WI, U.S.A.) ( http://www.beecherinstruments.com ) (Tissue microarrays)

Berthold Technologies  ( http://www.bertholdtech.com )

Biacore International AB (Uppsala, Sweden) [monitoring of binding events between two or more molecules in real time, without the use of labels; surface plasmon resonance (=SPR)] (protein microarrays)

Bioarray Solutions   ( http://www.bioarrays.com )

BioCat (Heidelberg, Germany) ( http://www.biocat.de )

Biocept  ( http://www.biocept.com )

BioChain Institute (Hayward, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.biochain.com )

Biodex Medical Systems, Inc. (Shirley, MA, U.S.A.)

BioDiscovery Ltd. (Darlinghurst, Australia) (DNA microarrays) ( http://www.biodiscovery.com )

BioDot  ( http://www.biodot.com )

BioForce Nanoscience  ( http://www.bioforcelab.com )

BioGenex (San Ramon, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.biogenex.net ) 

BioInsights   ( http://www.bioinsights.com )

BioInvest  ( http://www.bioinvest.com )

Biolog (Hayward, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.biolog.com ) Phenotype microarrays

Biomedical Photometrics (Waterloo, Ontario, Canada) ( http://www.genefocus.com ) (Scanners, Readers & Arrayers)

BioMedTech Laboratories  ( http://www.biomedtech.com )

Bio-Rad  (Hercules, CA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.bio-rad.com  )

BioRobotics Ltd. (Comberton, Cambridge, UK)

Biosite  ( http://www.biosite.com )

Bioslide Technologies, Inc.  (Walnut, CA, U.S.A.) ( ( http://www.bioslide.com/bioslide ) (Arrays & Slides)

BioSource International  http://www.biosource.com

BioTraces, Inc. (Herndon, VA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.biotraces.com/ )  [ the supersensitive P-Chips (based on MDP technology), for detection of biowarfare agents] (biodefense)

Biotrove  ( http://www.biotrove.com )

Biosystems (Middletown, CT, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.biosystems.com )

Biosite Diagnostics (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.biosite.com)   (protein microarrays)

Blizzard Genomics (St. Paul, MN, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.blizzardgenomics.com  )

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Caliper Technologies (Mountain View, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.calipertech.com) - Commercial array supplier

Cambrex Corp. (East Rutherford, NJ, U.S.A.) ( http://www.cambrex.com )

Cambridge Antibody Technology (Cambridgeshire, UK) ( http://www.cambridgeantibody.com )

Cartesian Technologies Inc (Irvine, CA, U.S.A.)

ChemChip Corp. (Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.)

Chemicon (Temecula, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.chemicon.com ) (Tissue microarrays)

ChromaVision Medical Systems (San Juan Capistrano, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.chromavision.com )

Ciphergen Biosystems Inc (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.ciphergen.com ) - Commercial array supplier (protein microarrays)

Clinical Micro Sensors (Pasadena, CA, U.S.A.) , a business unit of Schaumburg, IL-based Motorola, Inc. (http://www.microsensor.com) - Commercial array supplier

Clinomics Biosciences, Inc. (Pittsfield, MA, U.S.A.) (Frederick, MD, U.S.A.)  ( http://clinomicslabs.net )

Clondiag Chip Technologies GmbH (Jena, Germany,EU)   ( http://www.clondiag.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Clontech Laboratories Inc (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.clontech.com ) - Commercial array supplier (DNA microarrays) (Human, Mouse, and Rat Toxicology nylon-based arrays; the genes have been selected by scientists at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for their involvement in cellular responses to toxicant exposure) TOXICOGENOMICS

CombiMatrix (Seattle, WA, U.S.A.)  Three-Dimensional Arrays and Personalized Microarrays. [(CombiMatrix in strategic aliance with Roche (Applied Science, a business area of Roche Diagnostics)] NANO BIODEFENSE

Corning (Corning, NY, U.S.A.) - (http://www.cmt.corning.com) - Commercial array supplier

CompuCyte (Cambridge, Massachusets, U.S.A.) ( http://www.compucyte.com )

Compugen USA, Inc. (Jamesburg, NJ, U.S.A.) ( http://www.cgen.com ) (Data Analysis)

Cooperative Human Tissue Network http://www.chtn.ims.nci.nih.gov   (Tissue microarrays)

Corning   ( http://www.corning.com )

Covalys  ( http://www.covalys.com )

CSEM  ( http://www.csem.com )

CyBio  ( http://www.cybio.de )

Cytomyx Research Products  http://www.cytomyx.com  (Tissue microarrays)

Cybrdi, Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.)  ( http://cybrdi.com  )

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DakoCytomation (Glostrup, Denmark) ( http://www.dakocytomation.com )

Data Description Inc. (Ithaca, N.Y., U.S.A.)   ( http://www.datadesk.com )  (Microarray data analysis)

David Sarnoff Research Center (Princeton, NJ, U.S.A.)

Denovo Biolabels   ( http://www.biolabels.com )

DiagnoSwiss   ( http://www.diagnoswiss.com )

Discerna  ( http://www.discerna.co.uk )

Discovery Partners International Inc. (DPII) (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.discoverypartners.com ). DPII's subsidiary Xenometrics, owns and has exclusive rights to U.S. patent 5,811,231 (Farr, U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,231, provides methods of identifying and characterizing toxic compounds by choosing selected stress promoters to and determining the level of the transcription of genes linked to these promoters in cells of various cell lines. This method therefore depends on the degree to which both the promoter and the cell lines are representative of the effect of the potentially toxic agent on the organism of interest. ) TOXICOGENOMICS)

Display Systems Biotech (a Danish-based company taken by NeuroSearch, a Danish-based company, creating the new company AZIGN Bioscience a/s, Copenhagen, Denmark) (http://www.displaysystems.com) - Commercial array supplier

Domantis, Limited (Cambridge, U.K. and Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A.) (formerly Diversys Ltd)

Dyomics  ( http://www.dyomics.com )

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Echelon Biosciences (Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.A.) (lipid chip)

EMD Biosciences / Novagen  http://www.emdbiosciences.com

EngeneOS   ( http://www.engeneos.com )

Eppendorf   ( http://www.eppendorf.com )

Eurogentec(Seraing, Belgium) (http://www.eurogentec.com) - Commercial array supplier

Everest Biotech  ( http://www.everestbiotech.com )

Exelixis (South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.)

Exiqon A/S (Denmark) (http://www.exiqon.com )

Expression Analysis (Durham, NC, U.S.A.) ( http://www.expressionanalysis.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

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FeBiT-Ferrarius Biotechnology (Mannheim, Germany)

Folio Biosciences ( http://www.foliobiosciences.com  )  (Tissue microarrays)

Fluidigm  ( http://www.fluidigm.com )

Fujifilm Medical Systems U.S.A. (Stamford, CT, U.S.A.) ( http://www.fujimed.com )

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GE Global Research Center (Niskayuna, New York, U.S.A.)    http://www.ge.com/research/

GE Healthcare  ( http://www.gehealthcare.com )

GeneData (Basel, Switzerland; South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.genedata.com ) (Data Analysis)

Gene Logic, Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.) ( http://www.genelogic.com )  (long-term agreement with Affimetrix) TOXICOGENOMIX

GeneScan  ( http://www.genescan.com )

Genetix  http://www.genetix.co.uk

GeneFocus (Waterloo, Ontario) in collaboration with two research institutes of the National Research Council (NRC) of Canada (Ottawa). GeneFocus, a division of Biomedical Photometrics Inc., has fluorescence-imaging expertise.

GeneMachines (San Carlos, CA, U.S.A.)

Genemed Biotechnologies(South San Francisco, CA, U.s.A.) ( http://www.genemed.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

GeneXP Biosciences (Woburn, MA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.genexpbiosciences.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Genetix Ltd. (Christchurch, Dorset, UK)

Genetix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Rye, NY, U.S.A.)

GeneScan (Freiburg, Germany)  ( http://www.genescan.com ); GeneScan (New Orleans, LU, U.S.A.)

Genicon Sciences ( http://www.geniconsciences.com ) (see:  Invitrogen )

Genometrix (The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A.; Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan) (http://www.genometrix.com) - Commercial array supplier (DNA microarrays)

Genomic Solutions Inc.(Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A.)

Genosense Diagnostics ( http://www.genosense.at )

Genosensor Consortium (The Woodlands TX, U.S.A.)

Genosys Biotechnologies, Inc. (The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A.)

Geno Technology (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.) (http://www.genotech.com) - Commercial array supplier

GenTel Biosurfaces ( http://www.gentelbiosurfaces.com )

Genotypic Technology (Bangelore, India)  ( http://www.genotypictech.com ) ?? (Arrays & Slides)

Genpak Ltd (Stony Brook, NY, U.S.A.)

Genpak Ltd (Brighton, UK)

Gentaur (Brussels, Belgium) ( http://www.gentaur.com )

Geomatrix, Inc. (The Woodlands, TX, U.S.A.)

GeSiM  (Grosserkmannsdorf, Germany)  ( http://www.gesim.com )

Glycominds (Renanim Center, Maccabim, Israel) GlycoChips

GPC-Biotech   ( http://www.gpc-biotech.com )

Graffinity Pharmaceutical Design (Heidelberg, Germany) (Custom microarrays)

Greiner Bio-One (Kremsmuenster, Austria, EU)  ( http://www.gbo.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Gyros (Uppsala, Sweden ) ( http://www.gyros.com )

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Hitachi Genetic Systems (Alameda, CA, U.S.A.)  (microarray spotter)

Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. (Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.) (Branchburg, NJ, U.S.A.)

HTG (High Throughput Genomics) (Tucson, AZ, U.S.A.)  (transcriptome analysis)

HTS Biosystems (Hopkinton, MA, U.S.A.) - (protein microarrays)

HSG-IMIT (Villingen - Schwenningen, Germany)  ( http://www.hsg-imit.de )

Human Genome Sciences  ( http://www.hgsi.com )

Hypromatrix  http://www.hypromatrix.com   (protein microarrays - antibody arrays)

Hyseq (Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.sbh.com ) - Commercial array supplier

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Illumina (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.)

Imaging Research (St.Catharines, Ontario, Canada)  ( http://www.imagingresearch.com ) (Data Analysis)

Imgenex (Sorrento Valley, CA, U.s.A.) ( http://www.imgenex.com  )  (Tissue microarrays)

Incyte Genomics, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) in collaboration with Motorola BioChip Systems (Northbrook, IL, U.S.A.)

Incyte Pharmaceuticals (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.) (patent rights from Synteni)  (Single Nucleotide P olymorphisms, SNPs) (http://www.incyte.com) - Commercial array supplier

Infineon Technologies (Munich, Germany)  ( http://www.infineon.com )

Ingenium Pharmaceuticals  ( http://www.ingenium-ag.com )

Innogenex (see Biogenex)  ( http://www.innogenex.com )

Ingenuity Systems (Mountain view,CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.ingenuity.com ) (Data Analysis)

Inforsense Ltd (London, UK) ( http://www.inforsense.com )

IntegriDerm (Birminghan, AL, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.integriderm.com )

Intrinsic Bioprobes   ( http://www.intrinsicbio.com  )

Instrumedics (Hackensack, NJ, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.instrumedics.com )

Intelligent Automation Systems (Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.ias.com )

Inventus Biotec (Munster, Germany) [electrochemical biosensors for clinical and food biotechnology market]

Invitrogen Corp. (Carlsbad, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.invitrogen.com ) (array-based proteomics)

Iobion (La Jolla, CA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.iobion.com ) (Data Analysis)

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Jerini  (Berlin, Germany)  ( http://www.jerini.de)

JPT Peptide Technologies  http://www.jpt.com

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Kreatech Biotechnology (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) ( http://www.kreatech.com )  (array-based proteomics)

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Labsystems Affinity Sensors (Cambridge, U.K.) [optical biosensors; focus on sensitivity and low afinity interactions]

Large Scale Biology, Corp. (Vacaville, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.lsbc.com) (protein microarrays)

Li-Cor Biosciences  ( http://www.licor.com )

LifeSensors  (Malvern, PA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.lifesensors.com )

LION bioscience AG (Heidelberg-Wieblingen, Germany)

LumiCyte   ( http://www.lumicyte.com )

Luminex (Austin, TX, U.S.A.)  (SNP Tecchnology)

Lynx Therapeutics, Inc. (Hayward, CA, U.S.A.)  (SNP Tecchnology)

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Matrix Technologies (Hudson, NH, U.S.A.) ( http://www.matrixtechcorp.com ) (Arrays & Slides)

Media Cybernetics, Inc. (Silver Spring, MD, U.S.A.) ( http://www.mediacy.com ) (Data Analysis)

Mergen (San Leandro, CA, U.S.A.) (http://www.mergen-ltd.com) - Commercial array supplier / ExpressService for DNA Microarrays (DNA microarrays)

Merrimack Pharmaceuticals   ( http://www.merrimackpharma.com )

Meso Scale Discovery  ( http://www.meso-scale.com )

MetriGenix  (Gaithersburg, MD, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.metrigenix.com )

MicroBrightField (Williston, VT, U.S.A.) ( http://www.microbrightfield.com )

Microfab Technologies (Sunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.)

Micromuscle (Linkoping, Sweden) ( http://www.micromuscle.com ) - Micromuscle is an advanced materials company that develops and manufactures micro- and millimetre-sized electroactive polymer (EAP) components for the medical device, consumer and industrial markets.

MicroSurfaces, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.proteinslides.com )

Milagen   ( http://www.milagen.com )

Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Cambridge, MA)

MiraiBio Inc. (Alameda, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.miraibio.com  )

Miragene (Anaheim, CA, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.miragene.com )

MITRE Corp. (Bedford, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; McLean, Virginia, U.S.A.) ( http://www.mitre.org )  BIODEFENSE (Analysis of chemical warfare agents microarray data)

Molecular Applications Group (MAG) (Palo Alto, CA, U.S.A.)

Molecular Devices  ( http://www.moleculardevices.com )

Molecular Dinamics (Syunnyvale, CA, U.S.A.)

Molecular Staging, Inc.(New Haven, CT, U.S.A.)  ( http://www.molecularstaging.com )

MolMine (Bergen, Norway) ( http://www.molmime.com  ) (Data Analysis)

Motorola BioChip Systems, Imc. (Northbrook, IL, U.S.A.) ( http://www.motorola.com/biochipsystems) - Commercial array supplier

Motorola Life Sciences ( http://www.motorola.com) in collaboration with Compugen (www.cgen.com) (DNA microarrays)

MTR Scientific (ijamsville, MD, U.S.A.) ( http://www.mtrscientific.com )

Myriad Genetics, Inc. (Salth Like City, UT, U.S.A.)

MWG-Biotech AG (Ebersberg, Germany) MWG-Biotech (High Point, NC, U.S.A.)        ( http://www.mwg-biotech.com ) -  Commercial array supplier

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Nanogen, Inc. (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) (DNA microarrays)

Nanoliter   ( http://www.nanoliter.com )

Nanolytics  ( http://www.nanolytics.com )

Nanosphere, Inc. (Alachua, FL, U.S.A.) ( http://www.nanosphere.com ) (DNA microarrays) - NANO BIODEFENSE

Nanoplex (Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A.) ( http://www.nanoplextech.com ) - Designer nanoparticles for multiplexed bioassays - BIODEFENSE

Nanotype (Grafelfing, Germany)  ( http://www.nanotype.de )

Nano-S Biotechnology http://www.nano-s.at

Nanostream (Pasadena, CA, U.S.A.) http://www.nanostream.com

Nanotronics (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.)

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Microarray Center (Research Triangle Park, NC, U.S.A.) (ToxChip, the prototype toxicology chip; the center avoids animal testing) ( http://www.niehs.nih.gov/nct ); National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Microarray Center ( http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/microarray/ ) TOXICOGENOMICS

NEN Life Science Products (Boston, MA, U.S.A.) (http://www.nen.com) - Commercial array supplier

NEN Life Science Products (Zaventem, Belgium)

NetGenics Inc. (Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.)

Neupro Technology  ( http://www.neupro.com )

NextGen Sciences   ( http://www.nextgensciences.com )

NimbleGen Systems, Inc. (Madison, WI., U.S.A.) ( http://www.nimblegen.com )

NoAb Biodiscoveries   ( http://noabbiodiscoveries.com )

NonLinear Dynamics (Durham, NC, U.S.A.) ( http://www.nonlinear.com  ) (Data Analysis)

Nomura International plc (London, UK)

Northrop Grumman Corporation - Northrop Grumman Electronic Sensors and Systems Sector (Baltimore, MD, U.S.A. ) ( http://www.es.northropgrumman.com ) - The company is currently developing and deploying biodetection systems for defense and homeland security. BIODEFENSE

Novagen  http://www.novagen.com

O

Oligene (Berlin, Germany) ( http://www.oligene.com  )

Operon Technologies (Alameda, CA, U.S.A.)  (