Suggested books and reviews

Key

Yes  No

 

1997

Topics: Information warfare (4 ), Logistics (5), Resources on the Internet (2, 6 ),  Strategy (1, 3)

1. A world of secrets - the uses and limits of intelligence by Walter Laqueur (A Twentieth Century Fund Book - Basic Books Inc. Publisher, New York, 1985)
2. Cancer resources on the Internet - M. Sandra Wood and Eric P. Delozier, Editors (The Haworth Press, Inc. - New York and London, 1997)
3. If Aristotle ran General Motors by Tom Morris (Henry Holth and Company, New York, 1997)
4. Information warfare (second edition) by Winn Schwartau (Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, 1996)
5. Enterprise logistics in the information era by Noel P. Greis and John D. Kasarda - California Management Review 39 (1997), 55 - 78
6. The Internet handbook for writers, researchers and journalists by Mary McGuire, Linda Stilborne, Melinda McAdams, Laurel Hyatt (The Guilford Press, New York - London, 1997)

1998

   Topics: Biotechnology (3, 4, 5 . 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 , 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 ),  Information warfare  (19), Investor's Guide (2), Marketing (9), Strategy (1, 18)

1. The search for digital excellence by James P. Ware, Judith Gebauer, Amir Hartman, Malu Roldan (McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 1998)
2. Every investor's guide to high-tech stocks & mutual funds by Michael Murphy (Broadway Books, New York, 1998)
3. The biotech century by Jeremy Rifkin (Jeremy P. Tarcher / Putnam a member of Penguin Putnam Inc., New York, 1998)
4. Guide to human genome computing edited by Martin J. Bishop (Academic Press, San Diego, CA - USA, 1998)
5. Statistical genomics by Ben Hui Liu (CRC Press, Boca Raton New York - USA, 1998)
6. Cancer treatments - TIME - May 18, 1998 - A selection of the websites devoted to cancer is reported.
7. Who's who in genes - BusinessWeek - May 25 (1998), 71 - 72 .Here are some key players that want to unlock the secrets of genes: AXYS, GENSET, HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES, HYSEQ, INCYTE, MERCK, MYRIAD.
8. Biotech's secret garden - The Economist - May 30 (1998), 75 - 77
9. Asia: the global impact - BusinessWeek - June 1 (1998), 52 - 66
10. Biology in silico - Forbes - June 1 (1998), 119 - 120
11. Biotech bodies by Catherine Arnst and John Carey - BusinessWeek - July 27 (1998), 42 - 49  .Some of the companies with big plans in the area of tissue-engineering are the following: ADVANCED TISSUE SCIENCES, ATRIX LABORATORIES, BIOMATRIX, CREATIVE BIOMOLECULES, CYTOTHERAPEUTICS, GUILFORD PHARMACEUTICALS, GENZYME TISSUE, INTEGRA LIFESCIENCES, LIFECELL, ORGANOGENESIS, ORTEC INTERNATIONAL, REGENERON PHARMACEUTICALS.
12. Microchip arrays put DNA on the spot by R.F. Service - Science 282 (1998), 396 - 399
13. Coming soon: the pocket DNA sequencer - by R. F. Service - Science 282 (1998) 399 - 401
14. Fomenting a revolution, in miniature - by I. Amato - Science 282 (1998) 402 - 405
15. Gene Readers - by I. Wickelgren - Popular Science (Nov. 1998) 57 - 61- Places where the chips (also called arrays) are crafted: Affimetrix (Santa Clara, CA, USA), Argonne National Laboratory (Argonne, IL, USA) and Russian Academy of Science (Moscow), Hyseq (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) Incyte Pharmaceuticals (Palo Alto, CA, USA), Nanogen (San Diego, CA) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Oak Ridge, TN, USA)
16. The chips are coming by W. Wells at <http://www.gene.com/ae/AB/BA/biochip.html>
17. Company says it has made human cells revert to the embryonic state - New York Times, November 12 (A24) . The company, Advanced Cell Technology,  said the cells might be (i) grown into a clone of their donor and (ii) guided into becoming any of the body´s tissue types for transplantation.
18. Pit Bull - Lessons from Wall Street´s Champion Trader - by Martin "Buzzy" Schwartz with Dave Morine and Paul Flint - Harper Business (1998) - "This is the true story of how Schwartz became the best of the best , of the people and places he discovered along the way, and of the trader´s tricks and techniques he used to make his millions."
19. The next world war - Computers are the weapons and the front line is everywhere - by James Adam - Simon & Schuster (1998) "War has evolved through land, sea, air, space and now information. We believe that information is just another battle space."

1999

   Topics: Biotechnology ( 4 , 9, 10, 13, 14, 18), Economics ( 5) , Information warfare  ( 1, 6, 12 , 17), Investor's guide ( 15), Resources on the Internet( 2, 8, 19), Strategy ( 3, 7, 8, 11, 16)

1. Information assurance: legal, regulatory, policy and organization considerations - 3rd edition (17 September 1997)- Department of Defense USA. - This report will assist people in formulating a comprehensive strategy to protect information, information systems and information-based processes in support of Joint Vision 2010 . The document can be found in soft copy on the INFOWAR.com homepage.
2. The Internet - edited by Gray Young - The H.W. Wilson Company - New York - Dublin (1998)
3. Judo Strategy by David B. Yoffie and Michael A. Cusumano in:Harvard Business Review (January - February 1999),71-81 - "Smart start-ups can avoid those conflicts by moving quickly to uncontested ground and, when that´s no longer possible, turning dominant players´ strengths against them.The authors call this competitive approach judo strategy (rapid movement, flexibility, leverage)."
4. The Electronic Scholar: enhancing research productivity with technology by Dave L. Edyburn - Prentice Hall - New Jersey - Ohio (1999)
5. New rules for the new economy 10 radical strategies for a connected world by Kevin Kelly (1998) - Viking Penguin
6. The Looming Threat of Bioterrorism by Donald A. Henderson - Science 283 (1999), 1279 - 1282  - Important distinctions between chemical and biological terrorism are reported.
7. Managing knowledge. A practical web-based approach by Wayne Applehans, Alden Globe, Greg Laugero - Addison-Wesley Information Technology Series (Capers Jones, Series Editor) - Addison -Wesley (1999) - The knowledge architecture identifies three components: (i) technology, (ii) content (with better trust in the employees' expertise), (iii) people (suppliers and consumers of the technology content. " You'll know that managing knowledge is producing a positive ROI when you see (1) measurable efficiencies in product development, production, sales, and service cycles; (2) Improved decision-making at the front lines in the development, production, sales, and support cycles; (3) Better ability to get new partners...., (4) Improved morale because employees are making more effective decisions; (5) increasing customer loyalty due to better trust in the employees' expertise." (page 32)
8. Knowledge and special libraries edited by James M. Matarazzo, Suzanne D. Connolly - Butterworth Heinemann (1998)
9. Handbook of Biomaterials Evaluation: Scientific, Technical and Clinical  Testing of Implant Materials edited by Andreas F. von Recum- Taylor and Francis (1999 Second Edition)  The book contains the following sections: Bulk characterization, Surface characterization, Toxicological evaluations, In Vitro assessment of safety, Active implants, Implantology, Soft tissue histology, Hard tissue histology, Regulations, Clinical trials.
10. Silica Aerogels at: Ernest Orlando Lawrence  Berkeley National Laboratory (Commercially available aerogels at Marketech International Inc. 
11. The Valuation of Technology - Business and Financial Issues in R & D by F.Peter Boer - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - New York (1999) - "Technology is the application of knowledge to useful objectives". The flow of this book is motivated by its goal: to show how R & D creates economic value. The most important intellectual source for this work is the classic book "The management of innovative technological corporations" by Simon Ramo - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. - New York (1980)
12. Hiding Crimes in Cyberspace by Dorothy E. Denning and William E. Baugh, Jr. (1999) at: < http://cryptome.org/hiding-db.htm>
13. Managing Agricultural Biotechnology  edited by J.J. Cohen (1999)
14. Transgenic Animals in agriculture  edited by J.D. Murray, G.B. Anderson, A.M. Oberbauer and M.M. McGloughlin - CABI Publishing (1999)

* Two U.S. companies [GeneWorks (Ann Arbor, Michigan) and AviGenics (Athens, Georgia)] have already produced genetically modified birds that can lay eggs containing drugs, proteins and antibodies (from: New Scientist, November 13, 1999)..

15. Science and Technology as Predictors of Stock Performance by Zhen Deng, Baruch Lev and Francis Narin (1999) in : Association for Investment Management and Research (May - June), 20 - 32
16. Conceptualizing Technological Change by Govindan Parayil (1999) - Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. - Lanham, Boulder, New York, Oxford
17. Loud and Clear - The most secret of secret agencies operates under outdated laws by James Bamford (1999) in Washington Post, Nov. 14 Page B01
18. Beyond Evolution: the genetically altered future of plants, animals, the earth and ... humans by Michael W. Fox (1999) - The Lyons Press
19. History of the Internet: A Chronology, 1843 to the Present by Christos J.P. Moschovitis, Hilary Poole, Tami Schuyler and Theresa M. Senft (1999), ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara (CA), Denver (CO, Oxford (England)

2000

   Topics: Biotechnology ( 6 , 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17 , 18), Security ( 1, 10), Simulation ( 11), Strategy ( 2, 3, 4, 5, 16, 19, 20)

1. Peter Norton's Network Security Fundamentals by Peter Norton and Mike Stockman, SAMS (a division of Macmillan USA) (1999)

2. Knowledge engineering and management - The commoKADS methodology by Guus Schreiber, Hans Akkermans, Anjo Anjewierden, Robert de Hoog, Nigel Shadbolt, Walter Van de Velde, and Bob Wielinga, A Bradford Book, The MIT Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London (England) (2000) - For those who want to learn more about CommonKADS, this material is accessible through the website at < http://www.commonkads.uva.nl>. 
3. The kept university  by Eyal Press and Jennifer Washburn in: The Atlantic Monthly, March 2000, 39 - 54 - "Commercially sponsored research is putting at risk the paramount value of higher education.... Universities themselves are behaving more and more like for -profit companies". The online version is available at the following address: http://the atlantic.com/cgi-bin/o/issues/2000/03/press.htm  in four parts. The linkage is the first and has links to the other parts.
4. The Knowledge Management Toolkit by Amrit Tiwana , Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle Tiver, NJ (U.S.A.) (2000). To learn more about this title, point to www.kmtoolkit.com
5. Knowledge and Strategy by Michael H. Zack (ed.), Butterworth - Heinemann, Boston (U.S.A.) (1999). See the presentation given at the 2nd World Congress on Management of Intellectual Capital
6. The Virus Within by Nicholas Regush, A Dutton Book, New York (2000). The Author explores how "the environment around us acts upon an individual's DNA through a process of gene reshuffling"  (Howard Urnovitz).
7. Agrobiodiversity: characterization, utilization and management - Edited by D. Wood and J.M.Lenne' - CABI Publishing, CAB International (1999), Wallingford, Oxon, UK; information about the Crop Protection Programme (CPP) can be found via the Internet at http://www.nrinternational.co.uk
8. Origin and evolution of the vertebrate immune system - Edited by L. Du Pasquier and G.W. Litman (2000)- Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
9. XENO: the promise of transplanting animal organs into humans by David C.K. Cooper and Robert P. Lanza (2000) - Oxford University Press - Documents on this topic can be obtained from the FDA Home Page: http://www.fda.gov
10. Intrusion Detection by   Rebecca Gurley Bace  (2000) - Macmillan Technical Publishing, Indianapolis (IN, U.S.A.). "Intrusion detection is the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network, analyzing them for signs of security problems....The term intrusion detection is also used by the military to refer to systems that monitor physical entities (such as communication cables) for evidence of tampering or other physical alterations. Military standards describe system functions and benchmarks for this area. In this book intrusion detection refers to the monitoring, detection, and response functions that target activity in computer systems and networks."   World Wide Web resources are listed.
11. Simulation Modeling Methods by H. James Harrington and Kerim Tumay (2000), McGraw - Hill , New York (NY, U.S.A.) - "Simulation is a means of experimenting with a detailed model of a real system to determine how the system will respond to changes in its structure, environment, or underlying assumptions." [Charles Harrell and Kerim Tumay, "Simulation Made Easy: A Manager's Guide" (Norcross, GA: Industrial Engineering and Management Press, 1995)]

Approach to Process Simulation 

12. The future of computing: "Organic molecules can be exploited as electronic switches. Even the constituents of one cell, including DNA, RNA an proteins, can be pressed into service as logic circuits" See the following articles published on TECHNOLOGY REVIEW (2000), May - June:
13. The end of Moore'law by Charles C. Mann - page 42 - 48 (Moore's Law: The power of technology doubles every 9 - 18 months and its march forward sees no end)
14. Quantum computing by M. Mitchell Waldrop - pages 60 - 66
15. Biological computing by Simson L. Garfinkel - pages70 - 77
16. DNA computing by Antonio Regalado - pages 80 - 84
17. Nanomedicine (Vol. 1 - Base capabilities) by Robert A. Freitas, Jr.  (the book is available on the Internet)
18. Who wrote the book of life? A history of the genetic code by Lily E. Kay (2000) - Stanford University press, Stanford (CA, U.S.A.)
19. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology Vol. 40, 2000 (Annual Reviews, CA, U.S.A.). We suggest the following articles:
20. Sequencing the entire genomes of free-living organisms: the foundation of pharmacology in the new millennium, by S. Broder and J.C. Venter (pages 97 - 132)
21. Drug discovery in the new millennium, by E.H. Ohlstein et al (pages 177 - 191)
22. The impact of genomics on drug discovery, by C.Debouck and B. Metcalf (pages 193 - 208)
23. Simulation of clinical trials, by H.C. Kimko et al (pages 209 - 234)
24. The impact of genomics-based technologies on drug safety evaluation, by J.F. Waring and R. G. Ulrich (pages 335 - 352)  
25. Best Truth - Intelligence in the information age by Bruce D. Berkowitz and Allan E. Goodman (2000) - Yale University Press ( New Haven and London)
26. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering by Lisa Yount (2000), FactsOnFile, Inc., New York (N.Y., U.S.A.)
27. The biology of animal stress - Basic principles and implications for animal welfare by G.P. Moberg and J.A. Mench (2000), CABI Publishing, Wallington (U.K.) - New York (NY, U.S.A.)
28. The peloponnesian wars by Thucydides (translated by Benjamin Jowett, edited by P.A. Brunt) Twayne Publisher, Inc. New York, U.S.A. In particular: The Melian Dialogue: the freedom, the sense of honour, the safe rule, the interstate relations (Book V, pages 179 - 187).
29. The Book of Five Rings by Miyamoto Musashi (Translation and commentary by Nihon Services Corp: Bradford J. Brown, Yuko Kashiwagi, William H. Barrett and Eisuke Sasagawa), Bantam Books, New York - Toronto - London - Sydney - Auckland (1982). A translation made by Victor Harris is available on the Internet ( http://www.samurai.com/5rings/ )

2001

   Topics: Biotechnology ( 13 , 14 ), Business Integration ( 6 ), e-Commerce ( 8 ), Computer science ( 1 , 18 , 19 ) , Cryptography ( 11 , 12 , 15 ) , Law of the Internet ( 4 , 5 ) , Security ( 2 , 3, 9, 10, 16, 17,  18 , 19  ) ) , Strategy ( 7 ), Terrorism ( 16 , 20 )

1. A First Course in FUZZY LOGIC by Hung T. Nguyen and Elbert A. Walker; Chapman & Hall/CRC (Second Edition) Boca Raton, London, New York, Washington D.C. (2000) - "It is an introduction to the theory of fuzzy sets. Fuzzy sets are mathematical objects modeling the vagueness present in our natural language when we describe phenomena that do not have sharply defined boundaries. ... Fuzzy set theory provides a machinery for carrying out approximate reasoning processes when available information is uncertain, incomplete, imprecise, or vague. Whith the emergence of new tools in the area of computetional intelligence, ..this new theory is a welcome addition to the repertoire of appropriate tools. This is specially true when the intrinsic property of fuzziness and the heterogeneity of objects under study have to be taken into account in order to do a better job of representing knowledge-fitting data. The success of this methodology has been demonstrated in a variety of fields, such as control of complex system, where mathematical models are difficult to specify; in expert systems, where rules expressing knowledge and facts are linguistic in nature; and even in some areas of statistics, exemplified by categorical data analysis, where classes of objects are more fuzzy than crisp, and where the variability across objects needs to be modeled." (Hung T. Nguyen and Helbert A. Walker, 1999)
2. International Crime Treat Assessment (December 2000) - This Global assessment was prepared by a US Government interagency working group in support of and pursuant to the President's International Crime Control Strategy. Representatives from the Central Intelligence Agency; Federal Bureau of Investigation; Drug Enforcement Administration; US Customs Service; US Secret Service; Financial Crimes Enforcement Network; National Drug Intelligence Center; the Departments of State, the Treasury, Justice, and Transportation; the Office of National Drug Control Policy; and the National Security Council participated in the drafting of this assessment.
3. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algoritms and Source Code in C by Bruce Schneier (1994), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore
4. Law of the Internet  by F. Lawrence Street (1997), Lexis Law Publishing, Charlottesville, Virginia
5. Law of the Internet by George B. Delta and Jeffrey H. Matsuura (2000), Aspen Law & Business - Chapter 9 "Commerce": Transactions over the Internet, Contracts for The Sale of Goods, Electronic Commerce
6. Integration Managers: Special Leaders for Special Time by Ronald N. Ashkenas and Suzanne C. Francis (2000) , Harvard Business Review, November -December, 108 - 116 - The Authors have focused the attention "on managing the integration of acquired companies. But the kind of leadership" here described "has wider implications".
7. Strategy and the Internet by Michael E. Porter (2001), Harvard Business Review, March, 63 - 78. "The winners will be those that view the Internet as a complement to, not a cannibal of, traditional ways of competing.........Only by integrating the Internet into overall strategy will this powerful new technology become an equally powerful force for competitive advantage."
8. e-Profit - High Payoff Strategies for Capturing the E-Commerce Edge by Peter S. Cohan (2000) - Amacon (American Management Association, New York - The book presents the following five key concepts of e- commerce: (i) strategic balance sheet analysis, (ii) competitive opportunity and threat analysis (gap analysis), (iii) e-commerce risk evaluation, (iv) enterprise value assessment, (v) e-commerce portfolio analysis. In particilar, the strategic balance sheet analysis in focused on the intangible assets (customer relationships, customer information, supply purchasing volume, technical service information) , making the following considerations:
• which application (for example: web-based selling, web-based self service,...) the company needs to develop to extract  value from that specific intangible asset
• the impact of the e-commerce application on the company's profits.
9. The ultimate internet terrorist by Robert Merkle (1998), Paladin Press, Boulder, Colorado); a good reference is: The Avenger's Frontpage (http://www.ekran.no/html/revenge/).  (Note: please consider the difference between encoded and encrypted: a "code" is a substitution scheme for entire words and / or phrases; an encryption protocol (= cypher) substitutes individual letters with a standardized mathematical formula. (page 68 of the book)
10. CyberShock (surviving hackers, phreakers, identity thieves, Internet terrorists and weapons of mass disruption) by Winn Schwartau (2000), Thunder's Mouth Press, New York
11. The end of the code war? in: The Economist (2001), June 23, 76 - 77 The possible use of quantum mechanics to encrypt messages)
12. An introductionj to cryptography by Richard A. Mollin (2001), Chapman & Hall / CRC, Boca Raton (website: http://www.math.ucalgary.ca/~ramollin/ )
13. Opportunities in biotechnology for future army applications  - Board of Army Science and Technology (2001), National Acad Press (Washington, DC, U.S.A.) (web site: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309075556/html/index.html )
14. Anthrax in: Nature (November 8, 2001)   
15. Chaffing and Winnowing: Confidentiality without Encryption by Roland L. Rivest  at http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/chaffing.txt ; http://theory.lcs.mit.edu/~rivest/publications.html The paper introduces a new technique, called "chaffing and winnowing" for achieving confidentiality, in addition to the major techniques that are: steganography and encryption. Examples of using authentication to achieve confidentiality occur: in baseball and in the Rex Stout's novel "The doorbell rang (a Nero Wolfe mystery) (Bantam Books, New York, U.S.A., 1965) 
16. The science of terrorism : (i) the biology of anthrax, (ii) the physics of the 2001 World Trade Center terrorism at: http://www.jupiterscientific.org/sciinfo/index.html
17. The Great Game - The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia by Peter Hopkik (1992), Kodansha International, New York-Tokyo-London
18. Maximum Security - A Hacker's Guide to Protecting Your Internet Site and Network (Second Edition) by Anonymous (1998) SAMS, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A.   Difference between a Hacker and a Cracker - Mens Rea (page 74) "Applying mens rea (= the mental condition in which criminal intent exists) to the hacker - cracker equation, it seems simple enough the difference between the two activities. If the suspect unwittingly penetrated a computer system (and did so by methods that any law-abiding citizen would have employed at the time)there is no mens rea and therefore no crime.  However, if the suspect was aware that  a security breach was underway (and he or she knowingly employed sophisticated methods of implementing that breach) mens rea exists and a crime has been committed.  By this measure, at least from a legal point of view, the former is an unwitting computer user possibly a hacker) and the latter is a cracker.The term "cracked" refers to that condition in which the victim network has suffered an unauthorized intrusion." The different degrees of this condition are reported on page 86 of the book. A good source of information about "viruses" is at the Department of Energy  ( http://ciac.llnl.gov/ciac/CIACVirusDatabase.html   On page 543 of the book, different levels of sensitivity in the netwok are reported. These levels of attack are defined numerically: from level one [(mail bomb attack, simple denial-of-service attack) being the least harmful] to level six [(remote users can write to privileged, remote users have root) being the most harmful].
19. Internet Security Secrets by John Vacca (1996)  IDG Books, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.
20. Fighting the network war by John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt on Wired (December 2001) pages 148 -151. J. A. & D. R. are the coauthors of the book "Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy" (RAND, 2001) http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR1382/ / 
21. Divided we stand by Oliver Morton on Wired (December 2001) pages 152 - 155

2002

   Topics: Asymmetric warfare ( 1 ), Biodiversity ( 13 ) , Biological warfare ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 15 ), Biotechnology ( 12 , 14 , 16 ), Bioterrorism ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 15 ) , Cryptography ( 17 ), Cybersecurity ( 5 , 6 ), Export ( 8 ), Export knowledge ( 11 ) , Forensic DNA ( 10 ), Human genome ( 16 ) , Security ( 9 ), Space War ( 7 ) , Water ( 18 )

1. Terrorism, Asymmetric Warfare, and Weapons of Mass Destruction ( Defending the U.S. Homeland) by Antony H. Cordesman (2002) -  - Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. - Praeger (Westport, Connecticut, U.S.A. and London, U.K.) - Additional info at the web site: < http://www.state.gov/www/global/terrorism/ >
2. Chemical and Biological Warfare - A comprehensive survey for the concerned citizen) by: Eric Croddy (with Clarisa Perez-Armendariz and John Hart) (2002) - Copernicus Books (New York, NY, U.S.A.)

3. Biological Weapons: Limiting the Threat by Joshua Lederberg (Editor) (1999) - The MIT Press (Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. - London, England)
4. Biological warfare (Modern offense and defence) by Raymond A. Zilinskas (Editor) (2000) - Lynne  Rienner Publishers (Boulder, U.S.A. - London, U.K.) Implications of biotechnology for weapons development and arms control. As reported by Robert P. Kadlec and Alan P. Zelicoff, (pages 11 - 26) the attributes of the biological warfare agents, that can be modified, are the following:
• virulence
• stability
• drug resistance
• environmental resistance
• efficient vectors
• control of agents
• protection of own forces,
• antigen structure
• diagnostic markers
• production
• storage
• dissemination

5. The Truth About Cyberterrorism by Scott Berinato on CIO 15 (11), 66 - 72 ( Report 1 on "Cybersecurity" ) [The spectrum of cybermalfeasance : (i) information warfare, (ii) information counterintelligence, (iii) cyberterrorism, (iv) cyber organized crime, (v) information vendettas, (vi) cybercrime, (vii) cyberhooliganism] - Additional information at CIO.COM ( http://www.cio.com  )
6. How to Plan for the Inevitable by Sarah D. Scalet on CIO 15 (11), 74 - 82;  ( Report 2 on "Cybersecurity" ); Additional information at CIO.COM ( http://www.cio.com  )
7. Peace is war by Bruce Sterling on WIRED (April 2002), 76 - 87; Space War III began September 11, 2001. The following is a very nice photo of the earth from the space: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0011/earthlights_dmsp_big.jpg . But "Tthe eyes. ears, and nerves of the US military are up there, all day, every day, circling the blue yonder. Outer space is where the Global Cop patrols" (Bruce Sterling")
8. Lessons to be learned from the country export exemption - To control the export of defense items, the U.S. government generally requires exporters to obtain a license from the State Department.However, a license is not required for the export of many defense items to Canada. Currently, the Canadian exemption is the only country-specific exemption to the licensing requirement. Because the exemption for Canada may serve as the model for these and other countries, Congressional Committees asked that the GAO (General Accounting Office) review how the exemption has been implemented and enforced and whether the experience offers any lessons learned.http://www.defensedaily.com/reports/040902exemption.pdf
9. Bush seeks "big picture" by William Matthews on Federal Computer Week 16  (19), 8 - 9 (2002). Homeland Security Department would serve as central data clearinghouse
10. Identifying Those Remembered by Kelli A. Miller on: The Scientist 16 (12), 40 - 42 (2002)
11. Staying one step ahead of government censors by Peg Brickley on: The Scientist 16 (12) 51 - 52 (2002). The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the Export Administration Regulations (EAR) govern the international implications of U.S. scientific laboratory operations
12. The cloning sourcebook edited by Arlene Judith Klotzko, Oxford University Press, New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (2001). The book is made of four parts: Part I: development in cloning,  Part II:the contest of cloning,  Part III: ethics,  Part IV: legal and policy issues
13. The commercial use of biodiversity by Kerry ten Kate and Sarah A Laird, Earthscan Publications, London (1999, Reprinted 2000). Categories of biodiversity: genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity, cultural diversity.
14. The human genome edited by Carina Dennis and Richard Gallangher (Foreword by Jamews D. Watson), Nature Palgrave, New York (2001). A selection of genomes that have been sequenced is reported.
15. Biological warfare and its cutaneous manifestations by Thomas W. McGovern, MD, MAJ, MCand George W. Christopher, LTC, USAF, MC at: http://www.telemedicine.org/BioWar/biologic.htm  
16. A user's guide to the human genome  by Baxevanis, Collins, Tyra Wolfsberg, Kris Wettenstrand, Mark Guyer on Nature Genetics, 32 , supplement , pp 1-79 (2002) , available on line at: http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ng/journal/v32/n1s/index.html The three major portals for genome sequence information are: (i) the Golden Path at the University of California at Santa Cruz (UCSC at http://www.genome.ucsc.edu ) , (ii) the National Center for Biotechnological Information (NCBI at http://www.ncbi.nih.gov ) and (iii) the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI, Hinxton, UK) (Ensembl by the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute and the EBI at http://www.ensembl.org ).
17. Turning the key on data : quantum cryptography advances threaten to shake up traditional approaches to computer security by Dennis Fisher on eWEEK , Nov. 18, page 89 (2002)- Company involved: MagiQ Technologies (New York, NY, U.S.A.) at http://www.magiqtech.com/ with the product named Navajo.
18. Water for profit by Jon R. Luoma on Mother Jones, November / December 2002, pages 34 - 37 and 88.

2003

Topics: Biological warfare & Bioterrorism ( 5 , 6 , 9 , 12 ), Crisis management ( 13 ), Electronic business ( 7 ),  Nanotechnology ( 1 , 8 ), Networking security ( 4 ), Peptides ( 10 ), Quotations ( 11 ), Smart mobs ( 14 ), Teamwork ( 2 , 3 )

1. High-tech project aims to make super-soldiers by Fred Bayles on USA TODAY (May 5, 2003 at: http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-05-22-nanotech-usat_x.htm . On the same topic:
• MIT (Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.) to make "nanotech" Army wear at NEWS.COM http://news.com.com/2102-1001-859877.html
• Army select MIT (Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.) for an Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) at http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2002/isn.html  "The United States Army has selected MIT to create lightweight molecular materials to equip foot soldiers of the future with uniforms and gear that can heal them, shield them and protect them against chemical and biological warfare".
• Army teams with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to establish Institute for Soldier Nanotechnology at http://www.dtic.mil/armylink/news/Mar2002/r20020313r-02-011.html "MIT's commitment to nanotechnology research will enhance survivability, agility and lethality enhancements for soldiers" ( Dr. Robert W. Whalin, Director, U.S. Army Research Laboratory).
• The industrial partners of the project will be a key part in order to turn basic science into products for real soldiers.
• Questions and answers about the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies (ISN) at http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/nr/2002/isnqa.html   (Definition of nanotechnology: "nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale - the ability to engineer matter at the level of atoms, molecules, and supramolecular structures - and the generation of larger structures with fudamentally new molecular organizations exhibiting novel physical, chemical, and biological properties and phenomena.")
• Some of the research topics: multithreat protection against ballistics, sensory attack, chemical and biological agents, climate control, possible chameleon-like garmets, biomedical monitoring and load management.
2. Integration: The right way, the wrong way by Marco Iansiti (2003) on CIO 16 (15), 84 - 91
3. One perfect OP by Dennis Chalker with Kevin Dockery - Bill Fawcett & Associates (HarperCollins Publishers Inc., New York, NY, U.S.A.) (2002) - An insider's account of the Navy SEAL special Warfare Teams.  - " Challanges are something I've always liked, and I love it when someone says it cannot be done. Bull. There's always a way, especially if you're flexible. The Teams have not only taught me the importance and strength of teamwork but also the value of being positive about accomplishing the task.
4. Books on Networking Security from powells.com  at   http://www.powells.com/psection/Networking.html

5. Chemical and Biological Attacts, Detection and Response - FAQ at http://www.ki4u.com/Chemical_Biological_Attack_Detection_Response.htm
6. "The Role of the Clinical Laboratory in Managing Chemical or Biological Terrorism" by Saeed A. Jortani, James W. Snyder and Roland Valdes Jr^, Clinical Chemistry 46, 1883-1893 (2000) at http://www.clinchem.org/cgi/content/full/46/12/1883  
7. Electronic Business with the Department of Defense (U.S.A.)
8. Nanotechnology and Nanoscience - "Nanoscience and nanotechnology involve studying and working with matter on an ultra-small scale. One nanometre is one-millionth of a millimetre and a single human hair is around 80,000 nanometres in width. The technology stretches across the whole spectrum of science, touching medicine, physics, engineering and chemistry." ( http://www.nanotec.org.uk/ ) http://www.nanotec.org.uk/ReportSep03.htm ; The 'Biointelligence Age' really smarts at http://nanobot.blogspot.com/2003_09_28_nanobot_archive.html#10649252452190116 and A futurist's view at http://www.med.yale.edu/external/pubs/ym_wi03/future.html
9. Bioterrorism - Public Health Response to Anthrax Incidents of 2001 - GAO (United States General Accounting Office - Washington, DC 20548, U.S.A.) Report.
10. Why quotes are important at the URL address: http://www.geocities.com/d1riddle/sayings.htm (David Riddle's Favorite Quotations Page)
11. The Tachykinin Peptide Family by Cinzia Severini, Giovanna Improta, Giuliana Falconieri-Erspamer, Severo Salvadori, and Vittorio Erspamer  on Pharmacol Rev 54 :285-322, 2002, Review - This paper is available online at http://pharmrev.aspetjournals.org

The peptide triangle

12. Biological attacks - The darker bioweapons future http://www.fas.org/irp/cia/product/bw1103.pdf   - This article recently unclassified by the CIA reflects the dramatic changes in potential biological attacks.  "  The USA used biological weapons in North Korea in the early 1950s. The would drop infected insects, dead animals and feathers causing much wide spread illness.
    However, the scale described in the report is certainly much more catastrophic. "
• Supporting Articles:
• http://sify.com/news/scienceandmedicine/fullstory.php?id=13309121
• http://www.reuters.co.uk/newsArticle.jhtml?type=scienceNews&storyID=3826348&section=news 
• http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Politics/ap20031114_1990.html  
• http://www.msnbc.com/news/993871.asp
• http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/15/1068674422166.html
• http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,103144,00.html
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/uslatest/story/0,1282,-3388945,00.html

13. Crisis Management - Report of the Independent Panel on the Safety of the UN Personnel in Iraq (20 October 2003)
14. Smart mobs: the next social revolution by Howard Rheingold  at http://www.smartmobs.com/book/index.html (for a summary of the book)

2004

Topics: Biological / Chemical warfare ( 1 , 19 ), Computer crime ( 4 ), Cultural sensitivity and development ( 8 ), Ethos ( 5 ), Identity manager ( 22 ), Information security ( 7 ), Intelligence [Actionable Intelligence ( 6 ), Technical intelligence ( 18 )] , 18 )], Nanoscience ( 17 ), Peptides ( 11 ), Social Network Analysis ( 2 , 3 ), Strategy (Network tactics, 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 21 ), Swarm intelligence ( 16 ) , Terrorist Tactics: the evolution ( 20 ), Web Services ( 9 , 10 )

1. Corso di Chimica di Guerra - Aldo Rege', Alberto Soldi, Giorgio Balbi - La Chimica (Annata VIII - 1932) - Stabilimento Poligrafico Modenese (SPM) - Modena (Italy)- Corso tenuto presso la R. Universita' di Genova, a cura del Comando della Coorte Autonoma Universitaria della M.V.S.N. "San Giorgio"- Argomenti:
• Storia della guerra chimica
• Concetti fondamentali sugli aggressivi chimici
• I mezzi dell'aggressione chimica
• Concetti generali sulla fisiopatologia degli aggressivi chimici
• Difesa ed organizzazione antigas
• L'industria di pace in rapporto ai bisogni di guerra
2. "A Social Network Analysis of the Iranian Government" by Renfro and Deckro, based on research co-sponsored by the National Security Agency and the National Air Intelligence Center, November2001
3. Dynamic Social Network Modeling and Analysis: Workshop Summary and Papers (2003) at http://www.nap.edu/books/0309089522/html/1.html
4. Computer crime at http://www.icaa-italia.org/servizi/rivista_cybercriminologia.htm and at http://www.icaa-italia.org/servizi/bibliografia_ingl_computercrime.htm
5. The Soldiering Ethos  By Michael Vlahos at DefenseWatch Archives http://www.sftt.org/
6. Special Forces Enter the Intelligence World By J. David Galland at DefenseWatch Archives http://www.sftt.org/ - An example of "actionable intelligence ".
7. Information security - Guide for the Security Certification and Accreditation of Federal Information Systems by Ron Ross, Marianne Swanson, Gary Stoneburner, Stu Katzke, Arnold Johnson - NIST (National Institute of Standard and Technology) - Pre Publication Final April 2004 - Computer Security Resource Center at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/drafts.html - The National Institute of Standards and Technology released a
   final draft of security guidelines for federal agencies that need to certify and accredit their information systems.
8. Working from within: Cultural Sensitivity Key to Development http://www.unfpa.org/news/news.cfm?ID=454 - Development efforts stand greater chances of succeeding when they are presented to beneficiaries in a culturally sensitive manner and built on open dialogue and community involvement, according to a new report by UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund.
9. Task Force Web....transforming - Interoperability through Web services by Cmdr. Scott Starsman, USN, Cmdr. Tina Swallow, USN and Lt. Cmdr. Danelle Barrett, USN on Chips Magazine, XXI (Issue IV), 24 - 26 (2003) - Web services:
• Result in saving,
• Provide return on investment,
• Enable data exchange more securely,
• Enable speed of transformation,
• Allow data to be used and exchanged in an unprecedent way,
• Will bring business development into the Information Age,
• Will remove interoperability barriers,
• Will improve operational and business processes,
• Will deliver decisive "combat" power.
10. Realizing FORCEnet: A Practical Example by Lt. Cmdr. Edwin L. Armistead, USN (OPNAV 09W), Earle Kirkley (SPAWAR PMW 161), Andrew Mansfield (SSC Charleston), Dave Huff (FNMOC), Ryan Hofschneider (FNMOC) and Ben Holt (FNMOC) on Chips Magazine, XXII (Issue I), 16 - 17 (2004) - "FORCEnet will harness information for knowledge-based combat operations and increase force survivability. It will also provide real-time enhanced collaborative planning among joint and coalition partners......FORCEnet will effectively give warfighters the knowledge of battlefield to "know first" and "act first" - taking advantage of knowledge superiority over an adversary to prevail in battle".
11. Humanizing Protein Splicing by Sam Jaffe on: The Scientist 18 (11), 30 - 31 (2004) - Studies of human tumors and the human immune system have revealed that cutting and pasting of proteins can generate new peptide variants. Peptide generation from larger proteins by protein splicing. The role of the proteasome. A protein is cleaved by the action of an unknown endopeptidase; two of the pieces are linked together by an unknown mechanism, generating an "intermediate' peptide; the " intermediate" is probably sliced into shorter pieces by the action of the proteasome. It seems that the entire splicing process of a protein occurs with the action of the proteasome.
• References:
• Cutting and pasting antigenic peptides by Peter Cresswell on Science 304 (5670), 525 - 527 (2004)
• Protein surgery by Hans-georg Rammensee on Nature 427: 203 - 204 (2004)
• Immune recognition of a human renal cancer antigen through post-translational protein splicing by K.-I Hanada, J. W. Yewdell,  J. C.Yang on Nature 427 : 252 - 256 (2004)
• An antigenic peptide produced by peptide splicing in the proteasome by N. Vigneron et al. on Science 304 (5670), 587 - 590
• The Proteasome at http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Proteasome.html
• Architecture and structure of the proteasome at http://delphi.phys.univ-tours.fr/Prolysis/proteasome.html
• The Proteasomewelcomes you, at http://embryo.ib.amwaw.edu.pl/home/cwojcik/proteas.htm
12. Terror and its antidote by Philip Ross (with the contribution of Mark Williams) on: Acumen 1, 60 - 70 (2003) - A comment about the work of John Arquilla, a professor of defense analysis at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey (CA, U.S.A.). A modern soldier must be able to confront an enemy that he cannot see. Dr. Arquilla has elaborated a concept called "netwar". Dr. Arquilla applies the term "netwar" so broadly to include:
1. terrorism
2. organized crime
3. cyberwarfare
4. some aspects of social activism
5. "flash mobbing" (the "swarming" tactic) ("How "swarming" is transforming the battlefield" by Ahmad Faruqui on Daily Times http://www.dailytimes.com.pk ) (The term swarming has been borrowed from the world of biology, based on how bees attack their victims). A Flash mob is a group of people who assemble suddenly in a public place, do something unusual, and then disperse quickly. They are usually organized  through the Internet ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_mob ).
13. Networking, Swarming And Warfighting by David Hughes on Aviation Week & Space Technology September 29, 2003  (Pg. 48) - "Networking can provide an edge in a major war, a conflict with an ideological 'elite' or the reconstruction of a nation"
14. Global swarming at http://www.sci.fi/~fta/swarming.htm   see the section: "Swarming links"
15. Swarming - The Next Face of Battle by John Arquilla anf David Ronfeldt on Aviation Week & Space Technology, September 29 (2003) (see also the article on http://www.rand.org
16. Swarm Intelligence: an interview with Eric Bonabeau by Derrick Story on P2P http://www.openp2p.com
17. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties at: http://www.nanotec.org.uk/finalReport.htm
• Chapter 1 - Introduction
• Chapter 2 - What are nanoscience and nanotechnologies?
• Chapter 3 - Science and applications
• Chapter 4 - Nanomanufacturing and the industrial application of nanotechnologies
• Chapter 5 - Possible adverse health, environmental and safety impacts
• Chapter 6 - Social and ethical issues
• Chapter 7 - Stakeholder and public dialogue
• Chapter 8 - Regulatory issues
• Chapter 9 - Conclusions
• Chapter 10 - Recommendations
• References
• Annexes
• Contents
• Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties - summary and recommendations
18. Technical Intelligence ( Headquarters, Department of the Army, U.S.A.) - This field manual provides guidance of technical intelligence (TECHINT) and identifies the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used in the collection, exploitation, and dissemination of (TECHINT) in satisfying the warfighter's requirements.  The manual can be a useful source of information for other non-military units responsible for TECHINT.
19. Bioterrorism and Bioweapons  http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/bioterrorism/ ; "The insider" : "After months of bungled investigation, it now looks certain that America's anthrax attacks came from within. The implications are terrifying" by Debora MacKenzie at http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/bioterrorism/bioterrorism.jsp?id=23291100
20. Evolving Terrorist Tactics - Some lessons from Iraq at the Backwater USA web site http://www.blackwaterusa.com/btw2004/articles/1018tactics.html Analyzing terrorist behavior in the terms of Col. John Boyd's OODA Loop indicates that "the terrorists have excellent abilities to observe the target, orient themselves to its behavior, decide on a course of action from multiple pre-learned or improvised scenarios, and act seamlessly to flexibly implement their chosen course of action before the target can modify its action  The best way to prevent terrorists from doing this seems to be for the intended target to change its loop faster than the terrorist can respond: getting inside your opponent's loop. "
21. Col. John Boyd's OODA Loop   The OODA loop (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act) is an information strategy concept for information warfare developed by US Air Force Colonel J. Boyd (1917 - 1997). Although the OODA model was clearly created for military purposes, elements of the same theory can also be applied to business strategy ("Certain to win" - The strategy of John Boyd, applied to business - by Chet Richards)  ( http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_boyd_ooda_loop.html  ). If you can go through the OODA loop faster than your enemy, you'll live and he'll die  ( http://www.lexnotes.com/misc/johnboyd.htm ; Boyd and Military at the web site: Defense and the National Interest http://www.d-n-i.net/ ).

22. RSA Federated Identity Manager - A Technical Overview

2005

Topics: Biological Weapons ( 9 ), Biometrics ( 6 ), Business Intelligence ( 13 ),Counterintelligence strategy ( 4 ), Cyberwar ( 2 ), Forensic science ( 8 ), Genetic hystory ( 8 ), Innovation ( 5 ), Language evolution ( 10 ), Medical microbiology ( 11 ), Misinformation ( 12 ), Nanotechnology & Intelligence ( 7 ), Protein biochemistry ( 3 ), Protein structure analysis ( 15 ), Psycological Operations (PSYOPS) ( 14 ), Strategy ( 1 ), Technology ( 8 )

1. Mapping the global future - Report off the National Intelligence Council's 2020 Project - December 2004
2. Cyberwar - CRYPTO-GRAM  (January 15, 2005) by Bruce Schneier - Founder and CTO - Counterpane Internet Security, Inc - The first problem with any discussion about cyberwar is definitional. I've been reading about cyberwar for years now, and there seem to be as many definitions of the term as there are people who write about the topic. Some people try to limit cyberwar to military actions taken during wartime, while others are so inclusive that they include the script kiddies who deface websites for fun. I think the restrictive definition is more useful, and would like to define four different terms as follows:

Cyberwar -- Warfare in cyberspace. This includes warfare attacks against a nation's military -- forcing critical communications channels to fail, for example -- and attacks against the civilian population.

Cyberterrorism -- The use of cyberspace to commit terrorist acts. An example might be hacking into a computer system to cause a nuclear power plant to melt down, a dam to open, or two airplanes to collide. In a previous Crypto-Gram essay, I discussed how realistic the cyberterrorism threat is.

Cybercrime -- Crime in cyberspace. This includes much of what we've already experienced: theft of intellectual property, extortion based on the threat of DDOS attacks, fraud based on identity theft, and so on.

Cybervandalism -- The script kiddies who deface websites for fun are technically criminals, but I think of them more as vandals or hooligans. They're like the kids who spray paint buses: in it more for the thrill than anything else.

At first glance, there's nothing new about these terms except the "cyber" prefix. War, terrorism, crime, even vandalism are old concepts. That's correct, the only thing new is the domain; it's the same old stuff occurring in a new arena. But because the arena of cyberspace is different from other arenas, there are differences worth considering.

One thing that hasn't changed is that the terms overlap: although the goals are different, many of the tactics used by armies, terrorists, and criminals are the same. Just as all three groups use guns and bombs, all three groups can use cyberattacks. And just as every shooting is not necessarily an act of war, every successful Internet attack, no matter how deadly, is not necessarily an act of cyberwar. A cyberattack that shuts down the power grid might be part of a cyberwar campaign, but it also might be an act of cyberterrorism, cybercrime, or even -- if it's done by some fourteen-year-old who doesn't really understand what he's doing -- cybervandalism. Which it is will depend on the motivations of the attacker and the circumstances surrounding
the attack...just as in the real world.

For it to be cyberwar, it must first be war. And in the 21st century, war will inevitably include cyberwar. For just as war moved into the air with the development of kites and balloons and then aircraft, and war moved into space with the development of satellites and ballistic missiles, war will move into cyberspace with the development of specialized weapons, tactics, and defenses.

The Waging of Cyberwar

There should be no doubt that the smarter and better-funded militaries of the world are planning for cyberwar, both attack and defense. It would be foolish for a military to ignore the threat of a cyberattack and not invest in defensive capabilities, or to disregard the strategic or tactical possibility of launching an offensive cyberattack against an enemy during wartime. And while history has taught us that many militaries are indeed foolish and ignore the march of progress, cyberwar has been discussed too much in military circles to be ignored.

This implies that at least some of our world's militaries have Internet attack tools that they're saving in case of wartime. They could be denial-of-service tools. They could be exploits that would allow military intelligence to penetrate military systems. They could be viruses and worms similar to what we're seeing now, but perhaps country- or network-specific. They could be Trojans that eavesdrop on networks, disrupt network operations, or allow an attacker to penetrate still other networks.

Script kiddies are attackers who run exploit code written by others, but don't really understand the intricacies of what they're doing. Conversely, professional attackers spend an enormous amount of time developing exploits: finding vulnerabilities, writing code to exploit them, figuring out how to cover their tracks. The real professionals don't release their code to the script kiddies; the stuff is much more valuable if it remains secret until it is needed. I believe that militaries have collections of vulnerabilities in common operating systems, generic applications, or even custom military software that their potential enemies are using, and code to exploit those vulnerabilities. I believe that these militaries are keeping these vulnerabilities secret, and that they are saving them in case of wartime or other hostilities. It would be irresponsible for them not to.

The most obvious cyberattack is the disabling of large parts of the Internet, at least for a while. Certainly some militaries have the capability to do this, but in the absence of global war I doubt that they would do so; the Internet is far too useful an asset and far too large a part of the world economy. More interesting is whether they would try to disable national pieces of it. If Country A went to war with Country B, would Country A want to disable Country B's portion of the Internet, or remove connections between Country B's Internet and the rest of the world? Depending on the country, a low-tech solution might be the easiest: disable whatever undersea cables they're using as access. Could Country A's military turn its own Internet into a domestic-only network if they wanted?

For a more surgical approach, we can also imagine cyberattacks designed to destroy particular organizations' networks; e.g., as the denial-of-service attack against the Al Jazeera website during the recent Iraqi war, allegedly by pro-American hackers but possibly by the government. We can imagine a cyberattack against the computer networks at a nation's military headquarters, or the computer networks that handle logistical information.

One important thing to remember is that destruction is the last thing a military wants to do with a communications network. A military only wants to shut an enemy's network down if they aren't getting useful information from it. The best thing to do is to infiltrate the enemy's computers and networks, spy on them, and surreptitiously disrupt select pieces of their communications when appropriate. The next best thing is to passively eavesdrop. After that, the next best is to perform traffic analysis: analyze who is talking to whom and the characteristics of that communication. Only if a military can't do any of that do they consider shutting the thing down. Or if, as sometimes but rarely happens, the benefits of completely denying the enemy the communications channel outweigh all of the advantages.

Properties of Cyberwar

Because attackers and defenders use the same network hardware and software, there is a fundamental tension between cyberattack and cyberdefense. The National Security Agency has referred to this as the "equities issue," and it can be summarized as follows. When a military discovers a vulnerability in a common product, they can either alert the manufacturer and fix the vulnerability, or not tell anyone. It's not an easy decision. Fixing the vulnerability gives both the good guys and the bad guys a more secure system. Keeping the vulnerability secret means that the good guys can exploit the vulnerability to attack the bad guys, but it also means that the good guys are vulnerable. As long as everyone uses the same microprocessors, operating systems, network protocols, applications software, etc., the equities issue will always be a consideration when planning cyberwar.

Cyberwar can take on aspects of espionage, and does not necessarily involve open warfare. (In military talk, cyberwar is not necessarily "hot.") Since much of cyberwar will be about seizing control of a network and eavesdropping on it, there may not be any obvious damage from cyberwar operations. This means that the same tactics might be used in peacetime by national intelligence agencies. There's considerable risk here. Just as U.S. U2 flights over the Soviet Union could have been viewed as an act of war, the deliberate penetration of a country's computer networks might be as well.

Cyberattacks target infrastructure. In this way they are no different than conventional military attacks against other networks: power, transportation, communications, etc. All of these networks are used by both civilians and the military during wartime, and attacks against them inconvenience both groups of people. For example, when the Allies bombed German railroad bridges during World War II, that affected both civilian and military transport. And when the United States bombed Iraqi communications links in both the First and Second Iraqi Wars, that affected both civilian and military communications. Cyberattacks, even attacks targeted as precisely as today's smart bombs, are likely to have collateral effects.

Cyberattacks can be used to wage information war. Information war is another topic that's received considerable media attention of late, although it is not new. Dropping leaflets on enemy soldiers to persuade them to surrender is information war. Broadcasting radio programs to enemy troops is information war. As people get more and more of their information over cyberspace, cyberspace will increasingly become a theater for information war. It's not hard to imagine cyberattacks designed to co-opt the enemy's communications channels and use them as a vehicle for information war.

Because cyberwar targets information infrastructure, the waging of it can be more damaging to countries that have significant computer-network infrastructure. The idea is that a technologically poor country might decide that a cyberattack that affects the entire world would disproportionately affect its enemies, because rich nations rely on the Internet much more than poor ones. In some ways this is the dark side of the digital divide, and one of the reasons countries like the United States are so worried about cyberdefense.

Cyberwar is asymmetric, and can be a guerrilla attack. Unlike conventional military offensives involving divisions of men and supplies, cyberattacks are carried out by a few trained operatives. In this way, cyberattacks can be part of a guerrilla warfare campaign.

Cyberattacks also make effective surprise attacks. For years we've heard dire warnings of an "electronic Pearl Harbor." These are largely hyperbole today. I discuss this more in that previous Crypto-Gram essay on cyberterrorism, but right now the infrastructure just isn't sufficiently vulnerable in that way.

Cyberattacks do not necessarily have an obvious origin. Unlike other forms of warfare, misdirection is more likely a feature of a cyberattack. It's possible to have damage being done, but not know where it's coming from. This is a significant difference; there's something terrifying about not knowing your opponent -- or knowing it, and then being wrong. Imagine if, after Pearl Harbor, we did not know who attacked us?

Cyberwar is a moving target. In the previous paragraph, I said that today the risks of an electronic Pearl Harbor are unfounded. That's true; but this, like all other aspects of cyberspace, is continually changing. Technological improvements affect everyone, including cyberattack mechanisms. And the Internet is becoming critical to more of our infrastructure, making cyberattacks more attractive. There will be a time in the future, perhaps not too far into the future, when a surprise cyberattack becomes a realistic threat.

And finally, cyberwar is a multifaceted concept. It's part of a larger military campaign, and attacks are likely to have both real-world and cyber components. A military might target the enemy's communications infrastructure through both physical attack -- bombings of selected communications facilities and transmission cables -- and virtual attack. An information warfare campaign might include dropping of leaflets, usurpation of a television channel, and mass sending of e-mail. And many cyberattacks still have easier non-cyber equivalents: A country wanting to isolate another country's Internet might find a low-tech solution, involving the acquiescence of backbone companies like Cable & Wireless, easier than a targeted worm or virus. Cyberwar doesn't replace war; it's just another arena in which the larger war is fought.

People overplay the risks of cyberwar and cyberterrorism. It's sexy, and it gets media attention. And at the same time, people underplay the risks of cybercrime. Today crime is big business on the Internet, and it's getting bigger all the time. But luckily, the defenses are the same. The countermeasures aimed at preventing both cyberwar and cyberterrorist attacks will also defend against cybercrime and cybervandalism. So even if organizations secure their networks for the wrong reasons, they'll do the right thing.

3. Protein Techniques - Proteolytic Digests - from Phil Andrews Laboratory for Macromolecular structure (1989)
4. The National Counterintelligence Strategy of the United States - from the Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive (March 2005)
5. The art of innovation by Tom Kelley (with Jonathan Littman) -  (Foreword by Tom Peters) - Profile Books (2001)
6. Biometrics at the Frontiers: Assessing the Impact on Society -  from The European Commission - Joint Research Centre (DG JRC) - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies

7. Nanotechnology for the intelligence community http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11276.html
8. "A method of reconstituting nucleic acid molecules" by Burt D. Ensley [MatrixDesign (Sedona, AZ, U.S.A. and DermaPlus(New York, NY, U.S.A.)]. Patent n. 6,872,552. The patent covers methods for recovering and reconstituting genes from "degraded"  DNA samples, and could allow scientists to reassemble everything from prehistoric , extinct animals to unsolved crime scenes. "We hope this gives criminal investigators another tool to re-open cold cases or revisit crime scenes, stringing together strands of detached DNA into a genetic trail that could solve a crime or exonerate the falsely accused" (says Dr. Ensley).
9. "Biological Weapons - From the Invention of State-Sponsored Programs to Contemporary Bioterrorism" by Jeanne Guillemin - Columbia University Press, New York (U.S.A.) (2005)
10. "War slang - American fighting words and phrases since the civil war" by Paul Dickson - Brassey's, Inc. Washington (DC) (2004): (1) Civil and uncivil words (war slang before the Great War: from the war between the states through the war with Spain); (2) World War I: over there and over the top (Terms that came up from the trenches; down from the dogfight); (3) The many words of world war II (G.I.'s, Jeeps, Kilrey, and the V-signs from two theaters of war); (4) The code of the Korean conflict (A few words from world war 212); (5) Vietnam vocab (Out of the Jungles of Southeast Asia); (6) A gulf glossary (Grains of Sandspeak" from the war that was on every channel); (7) Doomsday's dictionary [Verbal fallout from nukes, the cold war (1946 - 1991), and the Puzzle Palace]; (8) Terms for a time of terror (New words for the post-9/11 world and the Iraqi war)
11. Medical microbiology edited by Samuel Baron, MD at http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/
12. How to Identify Misinformation US Department of Atate http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2005/Jul/27-595713.html - How can a journalist or a news consumer tell if a story is true or false? There are no exact rules, but the following clues can help indicate if a story or allegation is true.
• Does the story fit the pattern of a conspiracy theory?
• Does the story fit the pattern of an "urban legend?"
• Does the story contain a shocking revelation about a highly controversial issue?
• Is the source trustworthy?
• What does further research tell you?
13. "The Five Dimensions of Business Intelligence" By Wayne W. Eckerson at http://www.tdwi.org/Publications/display.aspx?id=7662  
14. Doctrine for Joint Psycological Operations (September 5, 2003) - PSYOP-forces, PSYOP-assets, PSYOP-related intelligence
15. Reflections on the MPSA-Conferences: Development and Innovations of Protein and Peptide Structure Analysis in the Past 30 Years . Brigitte Wittmann-Liebold (Autumn, 2005)

2006

Topics: RNAi ( 1 ), Biopirates ( 2 , 3 ), Security strategy ( 4 ), Intelligence ( 5 , 9 , 10 , 13 ), Evolution ( 6 , 12 ), Networked organization ( 7 ), Security ( 8 ), Science and Commerce ( 11 ), Sequestered Science ( 14 )

1. GEN Technology Updates : RNAi   ( http://www.genengnews.com/rnai/ )
2. Assault of the biopirates by John Mbaria   The East AfricanNairobi (27 Febrary - 5 March 2006) http://www.nationmedia.com/eastafrican/current/Magazine/magazine270220062.htm - "They come as tourists and we urge them to feel at home in our land and to travel as far and wide in it as they can. Others come as associates of a clique of "conservationists" who have maintained a traditional hold on Africa's conservation policy and practice......"
3. Biopiracy bill to be sent to Congress by Juliana Andrade Reporter - Agência Brasil (10 February 2006)  http://internacional.radiobras.gov.br/ingles/materia_i_2004.php?materia=255639&q=1&editoria - "Brasília – Within a few days the government will send Congress a bill on biopiracy. According to minister of Environment, Marina Silva, the bill, known as the Law of Access to Genetic Resources (Lei de Acesso a Recursos Genéticos) will make it possible to prosecute criminally. ......"
4. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America
5. "Toward a theory of Intelligence"     - Workshop Report (2006) by G.F. Treverton, S.G. Jones, S. Boraz, P. Lipsey (RAND - National Security Research Division)
6. The White Paper on "Evolution, Science and Society" produced by Rutgers University  (http://www.evolutionsociety.org/ )
7. Network Science 2006 . Prepared by the National Research Council's Committee on Network Science for Future Army Applications, the report found that contemporary military success "depends on the development of a coherent system of interacting networksusing a rapidly evolving enabling technology." The goal is linking the key elements of network transformation - command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR).
8. Identity Theft, 2004 - First estimates from the National Crime Victimization Survey - Bureau of Justice Statistics- U.S. Department of Justice (April 2006)
9. Counterinsurgency (June 2006) - Intelligence and counterinsurgency
10. DOD MANUAL ON TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE - The Department of Defense has published a new manual on the conduct of "technical intelligence" operations, or TECHINT .Technical intelligence here refers to the collection, analysis and exploitation of captured enemy materiel and documentation.  TECHINT serves to maintain U.S. technological advantage on the battlefield and helps to counter adversary weapons systems and operations. TECHINT roles and missions are described in a new inter-service manual.  A copy was obtained by Secrecy News. See "TECHINT: Multi-Service Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Technical Intelligence Operations," FM 2-22.401, 9 June 2006
11. Bridging the gap by John Williamson The Scientist 20 (8) , 76 (2006) - Biotechs eager for newly minted PhDs are finding applicants with a lack of skills in dealing in a world where science and commerce must coexist
12. Origin of life at http://originoflife.net/size_matters/ There are three essays: (i) the first essay: selection pressures on organisms: (ii) the second essay: location (the environment for the origin of life); (iii) the third essay: first organic molecules
13. Military intelligence professional bulletin  at http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/army/mipb/index.html
14. Sequestered Science -  Secrecy in science is the subject of a series of papers in the latest issue of the Duke University Law School journal Law and Contemporary Problems.  The authors consider the consequences of secret science and "propose solutions to help balance the costs and benefits of such secrecy." The full text of the special issue on "Sequestered Science,"
    edited by David Michaels and Neil Vidmar, is here: http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/lcp/

2007

Topics: Ecology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ), Iraq ( 1 , 2 , 3 ), National Security and Scientific Research ( 4 ), Olfactory system and tumor detection ( 5 ), Biodiversity ( 6 ), Biomechanism ( 7 ), Crime investigation ( 8 ), Protein ( 9 ),

1. Eden Again at http://www.edenagain.org/
2. Iraqis open the book on wildlife conservation  at http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2007/01/field-guide_to_birds_iraq.html
3. Boost for Iraq bird populations  at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6295729.stm
4. National Security and Scientific Research by Stephen M. Goodman on Genetic Engineering News 27 (3), 10 (2007) - Tips on how to avoid violating export control regulations. See also the documents atExport Administration Regulations (  http://www.access.gpo.gov/bis/index.html  )
5. Ollfactory detection of human bladder cancer by dogs: proof of principle study  by Carolyn M Willis et al. BMJ  329 :712 (2004) http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/abridged/329/7468/712  "Dogs can be trained to distinguish patients with bladder cancer on the basis of urine odour more successfully than would be expected by chance alone. This suggests that tumour related volatile compounds are present in urine, imparting a characteristic odour signature distinct from those associated with secondary effects of the tumour, such as bleeding, inflammation, and infection."
6. The Linnaeus special -  Carl Linnaeus, born in 1707, transformed natural philosophy with his systematic approach to naming plants and animals. Three centuries on naming the creatures of the earth according to this system, and sorting out the relationships between those creatures, has been one of the great triumphs of science, the foundation on which much of biology—and of conservation work—rests. And, in the age of the genome sequence, the work is far from over (Nature - Linnaeus at 300 -  http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/linnaeus300/index.html
7. Dragonfly or Insect Spy? Scientists at work on Robobugs - by Rich Weiss - Washington Post, October 9, 2007s
8. Biology and Criminal Investigation   - (with a schedule of model DNA Legislation proposed ) - prepared by Mr. Justice R.K. Abichandani, Judge, High Court of Gujarat, Sola, Ahmedabad - India  (2004)
9. TES, an anticancer protein ??   "Tes, a Specific Mena Interacting Partner, Breaks the Rules for EVH1 Binding" by M. Way et al. , published on Molecular Cell 28 , 1071-1082 (2007). The reported data identify Tes as an atypical EVH1 binding partner and a regulator specific to a single Ena/VASP family member. (Additionjal data about TES )